نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 40، زمستان 1389)

One of the factors influencing the altitude of water and ice equilibrium line is the amount of the energy received from sun which depends on the radiation angles of sun and the slope. Thus, as the surfaces slopes vary, the absorption of energy will also change. Initially, this article makes an attempt to measure the radiation angle and the energy absorbed daily by the surface of land with respect to different slopes and directions. Then, the differences between the amounts of energy absorbed by two different surfaces varying in terms of slope and direction will be estimated, considering a constant temperature. Consequently, the energy differences will be converted to altitude differences, using the statistical relations. This paves the way for the estimation of the differences in altitude of water and ice equilibrium line. Although this article has used a hypothetical altitude, the resulting finding can also be used in the context of the past ages because the altitude of water and ice equilibrium line was low at the ice age of quaternary. This study had the following findings; 1- Averaged reduction of temperature of environment is. 48 per 100 meters increasing in height with reduction of temperature in Iran about 5-12 12℃' type="#_x0000_t75"> in quaternary period height of snow is downer about 1042-2500 then current circumstance. 2- The highest impact of the land surfaces directions on the altitude of ice and water equilibrium line can be seen in the skirts whose mountainous ridges expansion is west and east. 3- The north-south expansion of mountainous ridges doesn’t have any effect on the difference in altitude of ice and water equilibrium line.

Integrated regional development is an important issue in regional planning. The Ostans of Iran are in different levels of development in which interregional and intraregional inequality is obvious, and Mazandaran Ostan is a salient example for intraregional inequality. In spite of Iran s regional policy based on reducing the development gap between different regions and creating a relative balance in regional development, yet some regions suffer from lack of basic services and facilities. To adopt appropriate development actions for a region, planners should first evaluate sub-regions as regards existent level of development. The aim of this study is to analyze the Shahrestans of Mazandaran Ostan with respect to indicators of development. For this purpose, fifty indicators were chosen, submitted to factor analysis, of which five factors were extracted related to 33 indicators: infrastructural factor, industrial-agricultural factor, health factor, educational factor and communicative factor- which account for nearly 76% of the variance. Results showed that there are obvious differentiations among Shahrestans in development level; so, it is urgent to improve some indicators -especially in which inequity is critical- in low-level Shahrestans which are the Shahrestans of Galoogah and Jooybar in this study.

In this paper daily Precipitation Data's from 1.1.1966 to 31.12.2005 examined for identification precipitation types. First, days of precipitation extracted. Then seven precipitation and four temporal parameters was defined for them and finally, matrix of 616*11 for 901 precipitation days were created. A hierarchical cluster analysis by Ward method applied on this matrix and five different precipitation types were identified. According to this classification, Zahedan precipitation types are: 1-medium, severe and frequent occurrence precipitation type 2-Very low, very short term, more frequent occurrence and very quiet type 3-Low, long term and quiet type 4-High, low occurrence and long durability type 5-Very high, low durability and very severe type. These five types, particularly displayed the Zahedan region precipitation characteristics.

Quality of ground waters has an important role in water resources management. In the present study, ground waters quality and assessment of hydrochemical status in aquifer of Minab plain was investigated by study of chemical elements in the ground water and considering of geological characteristics. GIS techniques were used to prepare maps, tables and diagrams. Information of sampling of wells that provided by Regional Water Company was used for hydrochemical studies of Minab plain in a 10 year period. These data were collected in dry (summer) and wet (winter) seasons during 1996 – 2006, which only electrical conductivity and chlorine had been measured in most years. Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in sampling wells were examined by study of available data and then related curves and tables were prepared. In the present study, different study, different usage of ground waters was investigated.

Basically an old and worn out texture is a texture which has taken shape and evolved through a long time process and today is surrounded by the present technology. While these textures in the past have had logic performances and hierarchical performances due to time necessities, today they are facing some shortages structurally and functionally. Furthermore, they can not meet the needs of their own residents. Strategic planning is one of the pillars of redevelopment and improvement programs due to its long term nature. Proper understanding and precise use of strategic planning and instruments of strategic programs development makes possible access to redevelopment and improvement programs. So, using SWOT, the improvement and renovation strategies for the worn out textures of Sirous district was obtained in this article. The results of research shows that the produced strategies for improvement and renovation of Sirous district as the guide of decisions is one of the components of orienting, controlling and planning systems of urban improvement and renovation. Thus, among these strategies i. e., planning instruments (governmental investment, regulations, etc) and decision making system, there is a need to necessary harmony and convergence in order to improve the district worn out texture.

Development of human settlements, especially rural settlements has been largely dependent on ecological factors like suitable soil and water. Sabzevar region, enjoying all of these facilities, has Langley been a major human population center in eastern Iran. The study results show that, there is a Significant relationship between ecological factors like situation, water and farming lands and population changes as an index of rural population stability in 1966-2006, the Correlation between village Situation and annual growth rate was 0.216. Considering the study results, the following tasks are recommended to sustain the rural residency: efficient utilization of soil and water resources, supporting the rural economy, management of farmlands, deciding the farming patterns, correction of water consumption method.

Relationship between tourists and local society is important and focus on it help to tourism development. In this respect, this investigation does for cognition of people's attitude to tourism and its profit for local people. Investigative method was descriptive-survey method and we use from questionnaire for collecting data. In this investigation, we use from SPSS software for analyzing data (for doing mean, frequency and percent). Society sample was 50 and sampling method was simple random sampling. Results say that local people have positive attitude to tourists but they believe that tourism does not have profit for theirs. They have social-economic concerns about tourism effects. Finally, they believe that tourism decrease services to local people.